Taxonomy Citation ID | Reference |
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2759 | Skerman, V.B.D., McGowan, V., and Sneath, P.H.A. (editors). "Approved lists of bacterial names." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1980) 30:225-420. [No PubMed record available.] |
5523 | Chester, F.D. A manual of determinative bacteriology. The Macmillan Co., New York, (1901) pp. 1-401. [No PubMed record available.] |
9026 | Weigmann, H. "Uber zwei an der Kasereifung beteiligte Bakterien."Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Infektionskr. Hyg. Abt. II (1898) 4:820-834. [No PubMed record available.] | 9575 |
( 1998 ) PCR fingerprinting of whole genomes: the spacers between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes and of intergenic tRNA gene regions reveal a different intraspecific genomic variability of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus licheniformis [corrected]. PMID : 9542081 DOI : 10.1099/00207713-48-1-107 Abstract >>
Genomic diversity in 21 strains of Bacillus cereus and 10 strains of Bacillus licheniformis was investigated by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, which samples the whole genome, and by two PCR fingerprinting techniques sampling the hypervariable spacers between the conserved 16S and 23S rRNA genes of the rRNA gene operon (ITS-PCR) and regions between tRNA genes (tDNA-PCR). RAPD analysis showed a remarkable diversity among strains of B. cereus that was not observed with the rRNA and tRNA intergenic-spacer-targeted PCR, where all the strains showed practically identical fingerprints. A wide variability among the B. cereus strains was also observed in the plasmid profiles, suggesting that the genetic diversity within B. cereus species can arise from plasmid transfer. One contribution to the diversity detected by RAPD analysis was determined by the presence of large extrachromosomal elements that were amplified during RAPD analysis as shown by Southern hybridization experiments. In contrast to the strains of B. cereus, the 10 strains of B. licheniformis were grouped into two clusters which were the same with all the methods employed. The 16S rRNA genes were identical in all 10 strains when examined using single strand conformation polymorphism analysis after digestion with Alul and Rsal. From these data we hypothesize two different evolutionary schemes for the two species.
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14089 |
Rey MW,
Ramaiya P,
Nelson BA,
Brody-Karpin SD,
Zaretsky EJ,
Tang M,
Lopez de Leon A,
Xiang H,
Gusti V,
Clausen IG,
Olsen PB,
Rasmussen MD,
Andersen JT,
Jørgensen PL,
Larsen TS,
Sorokin A,
Bolotin A,
Lapidus A,
Galleron N,
Ehrlich SD,
Berka RM,
( 2004 ) Complete genome sequence of the industrial bacterium Bacillus licheniformis and comparisons with closely related Bacillus species. PMID : 15461803 DOI : 10.1186/gb-2004-5-10-r77 PMC : PMC545597 DOI : 10.1186/gb-2004-5-10-r77 PMC : PMC545597 Abstract >>
Bacillus licheniformis is a Gram-positive, spore-forming soil bacterium that is used in the biotechnology industry to manufacture enzymes, antibiotics, biochemicals and consumer products. This species is closely related to the well studied model organism Bacillus subtilis, and produces an assortment of extracellular enzymes that may contribute to nutrient cycling in nature. We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the B. licheniformis ATCC 14580 genome which comprises a circular chromosome of 4,222,336 base-pairs (bp) containing 4,208 predicted protein-coding genes with an average size of 873 bp, seven rRNA operons, and 72 tRNA genes. The B. licheniformis chromosome contains large regions that are colinear with the genomes of B. subtilis and Bacillus halodurans, and approximately 80% of the predicted B. licheniformis coding sequences have B. subtilis orthologs. Despite the unmistakable organizational similarities between the B. licheniformis and B. subtilis genomes, there are notable differences in the numbers and locations of prophages, transposable elements and a number of extracellular enzymes and secondary metabolic pathway operons that distinguish these species. Differences include a region of more than 80 kilobases (kb) that comprises a cluster of polyketide synthase genes and a second operon of 38 kb encoding plipastatin synthase enzymes that are absent in the B. licheniformis genome. The availability of a completed genome sequence for B. licheniformis should facilitate the design and construction of improved industrial strains and allow for comparative genomics and evolutionary studies within this group of Bacillaceae.
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14090 |
Veith B,
Herzberg C,
Steckel S,
Feesche J,
Maurer KH,
Ehrenreich P,
Bäumer S,
Henne A,
Liesegang H,
Merkl R,
Ehrenreich A,
Gottschalk G,
( 2004 ) The complete genome sequence of Bacillus licheniformis DSM13, an organism with great industrial potential. PMID : 15383718 DOI : 10.1159/000079829 DOI : 10.1159/000079829 Abstract >>
The genome of Bacillus licheniformis DSM13 consists of a single chromosome that has a size of 4,222,748 base pairs. The average G+C ratio is 46.2%. 4,286 open reading frames, 72 tRNA genes, 7 rRNA operons and 20 transposase genes were identified. The genome shows a marked co-linearity with Bacillus subtilis but contains defined inserted regions that can be identified at the sequence as well as at the functional level. B. licheniformis DSM13 has a well-conserved secretory system, no polyketide biosynthesis, but is able to form the lipopeptide lichenysin. From the further analysis of the genome sequence, we identified conserved regulatory DNA motives, the occurrence of the glyoxylate bypass and the presence of anaerobic ribonucleotide reductase explaining that B. licheniformis is able to grow on acetate and 2,3-butanediol as well as anaerobically on glucose. Many new genes of potential interest for biotechnological applications were found in B. licheniformis; candidates include proteases, pectate lyases, lipases and various polysaccharide degrading enzymes.
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